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When Learning Turns Socially Distant

June 29, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

Students in India grapple with the challenge of online learning, In Kashmir? Evita Rodrigues looks at the plight of students struggling to learn under lockdowns and clamp downs much before the pandemic. …[Read More]…

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Reading “At a Window, Waiting for the Starlings”

June 19, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

In a response that is equally intense and provocative, Asif Raza reads Riyaz Latif’s essay on the red-breasted rosy starlings as a prose poem, offering up a text that stands weightily on its own acuity of vision.…[Read More]…

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Short Fiction-1: CAT AT THE AGRAHAARAM

June 19, 2020 The Beacon 2

Literary Trails

Vidhya Sreenivasan translates from Tamil two stories by Dilip Kumar about life in a temple town, With light brush strokes Dilip Kumar sketches a layered portrait of the routine of ritual and its web of relationships stirred by the unexpected. Here’s the first one.…[Read More]…

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Cholera Conversation at Fulton Canteen

June 19, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

A real meeting with a microbiologist in a Brighton coffee shop offers poet Ashwani Kumar an occasion to fantasize a dense and complex reality…[Read More]…

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Weeding Out The Weak: Ways of Living

June 9, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

If wretchedness has scarred their lives and hasten their death, it’s only the poor who are to be blamed. That’s what we in our hall of mirrors have been led to believe, says Ashoak Upadhyay in this second of a four part series. …[Read More]…

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I Am A Hindu

June 8, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

A short fiction that reads like a perennial reality for an oppressed minority this tale by Asghar Wajahat portrays the psychological damage that even talk of violence can have on the vulnerable. …[Read More]…

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Music from beyond Abyssal Lines

June 8, 2020 The Beacon 0

Visual Spaces

Music from marginalized peoples who are at the center of growing consciousness of other Presents, alternatives to a narrow mainstream present.…[Read More]…

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Colouring Within the Lines: Press in the Hall of Mirrors

May 28, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

In this first of a four part series on the lives we lead, Ashoak Upadhyay untangles the web of illusion obscuring the pivot on which mainstream media turns: a neo-liberal nationalist-statist iniquitous order. …[Read More]…

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The Boot in the Cracked Mirror

May 28, 2020 The Beacon 2

That’s Life!!!

India’s rating on Press Freedoms measured by an index for 182 countries has slipped over the last year and stands way low. The world’s largest democracy must accept the RSF report and improve its ranking, says Raoof Mir. …[Read More]…

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Mir in Chandigarh

May 18, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

A dreamscape etched by Shamsur Rahman Faruqi, in which time collapses, characters merge and separate, narrative moves between memoir and fiction, the ghost of Mir comes alive in encounters defined by dialogic imagination. …[Read More]…

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Unforeseen Poet: How I found myself in lyric

May 18, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

Scholar-author Geeta Patel comes to Chennai is locked down with poet-friends and finds herself in lyric. And why not? Reading, translating Miraji’s “queer hauntings,” her hidden ‘vocation had to surface.…[Read More]…

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Khuda Hafiz, Imtiaz

May 18, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

As she rides a cab in Mumbai and the driver steers her through an unfamiliar city’s sights, sharing stories and histories, poetry and silences Vidya Rao experiences the warmth of memories, kindness, kinship…[Read More]…

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Pondering The Plague in a Pandemic

May 7, 2020 The Beacon 1

Bookshelf

The pandemic reveals the intimacies between vaccine lobbies and the media that create, says Padmaja Challakere, both fear and valorized medicine. In Camus’ work she finds links between an agreement to fear and passive compliance to authority. And what it takes to be human.…[Read More]…

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Urdu Writing Over Two Centuries On Nation, History, Culture

May 7, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

Urdu polymath Shamsur Rahman Faruqi deconstructs our inherited ideas on culture, nation and history; points to a rich tradition of Indian or Indo-Muslim identity evolving against a colonial ethos. And it is still intact. …[Read More]…

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Music of Love: Ahimsa in An Age of Permanent War

May 7, 2020 The Beacon 1

Personal Notes

Nihilism and barbarity are inside our door; belief has replaced truth, truth is illusion and war an eternal condition. In this deafening darkness Dilip Simeon finds rays of light in Gandhi’s steadfast adherence to Truth and love—for all life. …[Read More]…

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Covid-19 Lessons: Globalization Won’t Save the Planet, Open Localization Will.

April 25, 2020 The Beacon 2

Between the Lines

The pandemic is telling us that globalization and its transmission of injustices and exploitation of the weak and Nature’s bounty have screwed our earthly home. Band-aids won’t work. Ashish Kothari on what could.…[Read More]…

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Man and Nature –Mind (or a virus?) the Winner?

April 25, 2020 The Beacon 2

That’s Life!!!

While a 0.125 micron organism has brought the World to its knees and mankind is in a race to find a vaccine to contain the COVID19 virus Girijaa Upadhyay reflects on the mutating nexus between Man and Nature …[Read More]…

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What Will Italy Become Without its Elders?

April 25, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

The coronavirus has swept away a generation of wisdom-keepers, WWII survivors, storytellers, parents, and grandparents in Bergamo, Italy. An anthropologist mourns with her community—the hardest hit in the country—and asks all of us the most difficult questions of this pandemic.…[Read More]…

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“The Adventures of Goopy & Bagha”: Critical Rendering of a Fairy Tale.

April 25, 2020 The Beacon 0

Visual Spaces

In this critical review of Satyajit Ray’s first children film made fifty years ago, Darius Cooper visits his oeuvre to offer insights into the legend’s take on music, masculinity and inter-personal relations in his films…[Read More]…

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A Letter From Mumbai, Where Everyday Questions Carry New Weight

April 14, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

For writer Annie Zaidi the “lockdown felt like a physical enactment of my inner world—a sense of siege, of caution and confusion. ”Then she hears of the migrants fleeing; of Muslims demonized She feels the need to bear witness to the fires of a hate campaign that the pandemic will fuel. …[Read More]…

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CONVERSATION WITHOUT MAPS

April 14, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

Two poets discuss life and letters creating an aura of magic with words in conversations without maps. Time stands still as Shamsur Rahman Faruqi and Asif Raza engage with each other creating a dialogic musicality. …[Read More]…

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Migrant Workers as Invisible Citizens: A Report

April 14, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

In a pioneering study, Jan Sahas did a rapid assessment report through a telephonic survey with 3,196 migrant workers that portrays abysmal conditions of life, extreme vulnerabilities in the pandemic; conditions that call out our moral irresponsibility, official indifference towards a vast majority of the working poor.…[Read More]…

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The Pandemic as Cartographer of Abyssal Lines

April 2, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

A wide spectrum of opinion admits the coronavirus pandemic is exposing inequality and poverty in stark terms. But its management (or lack of it) will do more says Ashoak Upadhyay.…[Read More]…

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For Our Mangled Present, Wisdoms of the future from the Past

April 2, 2020 The Beacon 0

Bookshelf

Three texts whose readings may shed some light on questions rarely pondered as victims of a gross, violent materialism. Readings for the perplexed seething isolation forced on us by a microbe.…[Read More]…

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A Long View on Covid-19: Seeking Alternative Futures

April 2, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

Combating the pandemic requires immediate responses in terms of universal health and treatment facilities and strategies to reduce the possibilities of recurrence. Vikalp Sangam offers a view. …[Read More]…

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At a Window, Waiting for the Starlings

March 22, 2020 The Beacon 2

Literary Trails

At the window, the eye is fated to register much more than the red-breasted rosy starlings Riyaz Latif waits for. Your vision of linearity sweeps over panoramas of disenchantment. Then the birds arrive, sketching the skies in unison …[Read More]…

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Crossing Interwoven Boundaries on Wings of Words

March 22, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

Geetha Sukumaran, poet and translator blurs boundaries in her poems to negotiate multiple identities; diasporic Indo-Canadian, career woman and diverse inheritances of Western and a glorious Tamil women-poets’ tradition. …[Read More]…

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Gandhis after Gandhi: Four and Counting

March 10, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

Fifty years after Gandhi’s death, Ashis Nandy identified four personae of Mohandas Gandhi that survived; perhaps there are more in this haunted, frightened republic. But those four are worth recalling.…[Read More]…

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Two Months On: The Face of Love, The Boot Stamping On It

February 27, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

Two months and counting, the most historic non-violent resistance to laws against Indian pluralism, against humanity, continues to flower and blossom in the face of unprecedented terror and violence of the nation-state..…[Read More]…

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Takeaways from An Ocean of Song

February 27, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

The momentous anti-CAA protests offer fresh evidence that India is defined by diverse expressions of solidarity coalescing into both a unity of shared suffering and a celebration of that diversity says Ashoak Upadhyay.…[Read More]…

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“We Know Everything About You!”

February 10, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

Surveillance today is no longer about being watched by the Orwellian Big Brother but about being recorded. Nothing vanishes: that’s the terror of data surveillance today. Padmaja Challakere reviews two seminal books that outline a dystopic present. .…[Read More]…

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Divinity as form of play

February 10, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

Sequestered within binary logics divinity straightens gender and sacralizes “the heterosexual matrix.” With lila as a lens, we might glimpse ways divinity can unlock possibilities of gendered and sexual being and doing says Lucinda Ramberg.…[Read More]…

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Coalitions of Conscience, Guardians of the Political

February 4, 2020 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

Protests against citizenship legislations are historic, defining moments for India and the world; they have created political space for a humanism long considered irrelevant, says Ashoak Upadhyay.…[Read More]…

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“This Thorny Robe of Centuries…”

February 3, 2020 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

Sri Lanka’s civil war extracted a heavy toll on ordinary people. The poetic visions of P. Ahilan intersect individual grief of ruptured relationships and the collective trauma of war while engaging with personal and political realms. Geetha Sukumaran his translator opens the door to his work. …[Read More]…

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Laments for Campus Culture, Public Education

January 26, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

Recent mob attacks on teachers and students signal the destruction of campus culture and the dismantling of public education, says Roshni Sengupta an academic and alumna of JNU.…[Read More]…

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Holding up the Sky, Our Tomorrows

January 26, 2020 The Beacon 0

Visual Spaces

In this stunning history-in-the-making representation, Evita Rodrigues crowd sources visuals of women asserting a humanism India is being bulldozed into renouncing.…[Read More]…

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Visions of an Insurgent Spirit: Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay on the ‘Global South’

January 15, 2020 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

She wasn’t just a pioneer of handicrafts but of women’s rights in India, an activist of the anti-colonial struggles and a visionary of the ‘Global South’ as a dialogic third space in world politics unmediated by the West, says Vinay Lal.…[Read More]…

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The Radical Gaze: Two Texts on The Self and Poetic Futures

January 15, 2020 The Beacon 0

Bookshelf

Two texts, two visions of the evolving self and poetic futures. Murali Sivaramakrishnan looks for parallels and differences in the radical gaze of a mystic and a Marxist.…[Read More]…

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From Depths of Despair, Vision 20:20

January 1, 2020 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

In the winter of 2019 the nation witnessed a spring of protest against the abuse of power for communal ends in the form of the CAA. Gandhi must be smiling up there, thinks Sakuntala.…[Read More]…

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University under Siege! Dispatch from Hell.

January 1, 2020 The Beacon 0

Bookshelf

An invaluable eye witness indictment of police brutality on students and faculty at the Aligarh Muslim University in December by a team of civil society members.…[Read More]…

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This “grisly morning-after,” songs of hope

January 1, 2020 The Beacon 0

Visual Spaces

What has progress wrought? Destruction of madre terra. What has unbridled power sought? Decimation of insaniyat. And yet, in this “grisly morning after…” glimpses of the future we desire.…[Read More]…

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In This Plot, Where are the People?

December 20, 2019 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!


The narratives about the Indian economy have flattened out to a plot about a number, a statistic, a means that has become an end erasing the people that count, or should, says Ashoak Upadhyay.…[Read More]…

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The Ayodhya Verdict: What it means for Hindus

December 8, 2019 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

The SC ruling is in its spirit contradictory and even disturbing in fundamental ways. But is it a victory for Hindus? Vinay Lal thinks not because it endorses a growing intolerance not merely, against Muslims and Dalits but also towards adherents of other practices and conceptions of Hinduism.…[Read More]…

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Darren Zammit Lupi_Reuters

We are here, ‘cos you were there!
The Immigrant’s Anthem

November 30, 2019 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

Suketu Mehta author of ‘This Land is Our Land…” talks with Mayank Bhatt and Gavin Barrett in Toronto about immigrants and their place in a turbulent world.…[Read More]…

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BELONGING TO EARTH: For Our Troubled Times, A Manifesto

November 21, 2019 The Beacon 0

Visual Spaces

In a world of over-representation, is it possible to experience reality without the intermediation of our conditioned existence? Murali Sivaramakrishnan thinks so; his visual expressions he contends, “are coloured by my experience of earth and by my inner feelings.” …[Read More]…

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Queer Hauntings of a Vagrant Heart: Miraji’s Poetic Visions

November 9, 2019 The Beacon 0

Literary Trails

In a tribute to Miraji on his 70th death anniversary Geeta Patel reflects on his poetic queerness and its gift to readers of the ecstasies of incomplete meanings.…[Read More]…

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Huxley and Orwell on Gandhi

October 24, 2019 The Beacon 0

That’s Life!!!

Both Aldous Huxley and George Orwell, authors of novels about dystopic futures penned thoughts on Gandhi that reflect their own visions of possible freedoms from the worlds they had created. …[Read More]…

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Gandhi’s Dharma: Itineraries of a Religious Life

October 16, 2019 The Beacon 0

Between the Lines

The subject of Gandhi’s “religion” has never been more important than at present when Hindu nationalism is sharply ascendant and Hindu pride is being championed as a necessary form of the reawakening of a long subjugated people says Vinay Lal.…[Read More]…

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GANDHI @ 150: LAST MAN STANDING

October 7, 2019 The Beacon 1

Bookshelf

In this age of power politics that breeds delusions and falsehoods we dance to the roiling chants of communal violence, stripped of all humanity. Mahatma Gandhi,appears with a lantern,the last man standing in this bleeding darkness says Ashoak Upadhyay. …[Read More]…

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Gandhi and Bose

DAYS WITH GANDHI: A “LONELY BUT VERY INTIMATE ASSOCIATION…”

October 7, 2019 The Beacon 0

Personal Notes

In a unique portrayal of his struggle to come to terms with Gandhi’s experiments in truth, Nirmal Kumar Bose introduces a new aesthetic of a multilayered memoir. Relevant with the release of Manuben’s diary. …[Read More]…

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WHY THE BEACON?

URL: www.thebeacon.in

          The Beacon is a web-based only feature magazine of writing and reading (long-form essays, fiction and poetry) that believes in confluences more than in consensus. The Beacon searches for the intersections at which political/economic analyses meet literature, the personal weaves into the social, the real is imagined and unity spells diversity. Confluences make conversations meaningful and possible; intersections are the locations for cultures—of diversity, differences, pluralism, hybridity.

          The Beacon eschews the prioritisation of the real over the imagined, of the social over the personal, of political/economic analyses over literature, of matter over mind and of the material over the ethical. The Beacon will endeavour to become the site for a new language and poetry of resistance–to oppression, to banality and the ghettoization of the mind.

Suggested Reads/Viewings

The Greatest Malayalam Storiess Ever Told. Selected and Edited by A.J. Thomas Aleph Book Company. November 2023. 464 pages

The Greatest Malayalam Stories Ever Told is a collection of fifty brilliant short stories translated from the Malayalam. Selected and translated by poet, editor, and translator A. J. Thomas, this collection includes established masters such as Karoor Neelakanta Pillai, Vaikom Muhammad Basheer, Lalithambika Antharjanam, Ponkunnam Varkey, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, S. K. Pottekkatt, Uroob, O. V. Vijayan, M. T. Vasudevan Nair, and Paul Zacharia, as well as accomplished new voices such as N. Prabhakaran, C. V. Balakrishnan, Aymanam John, Chandramathi, and others….

The stoies in this volume portray with brilliance and nuance the complex tapestry of the Malayali experience down the ages.



I Belong to Nowhere: Poems of Hope and Resistance. Kalyani Thakur Charal. Trans. from Bengali by Mrinmoy Pramanick and Sipra Mukherjee. Iltd Axis March 2023 112 pages
Militant, satirical, and biting, Kalyani Charal pulls no punches in eviscerating paternalistic – and patriarchal – bourgeois socialists who speak on behalf of others. Writing from lived experience, Charal delineates the values that fuel the social machinery of caste oppression, while drawing parallels with social and racial marginalisation around the world. Thus, in her poetry, the specificity of Dalit lives in Bengal, a region which prides itself on its Leftist history and enlightened culture, and whose partition into India and Bangladesh has left a legacy of communal tension, refugees, and statelessness, is at the same time the universality of precarity, marginality and dispossession. Finally, there is space for love – wistful and full-throated, with an attentiveness to the natural world that speaks to her claim that “all Dalit woman writers are eco feminists”


Of Prayers and Tears: Essays On Political Theology Saitya Brata Das. Pickwick Publications October 2023. 156 pages

This work intervenes in contemporary debates on “postsecularism” and “the return to religion.” By introducing the question of eschatology anew, this book reintroduces the problem of transcendence that effectively calls into question the logic of sovereign power and rethinks the place of ”religion” as an affirmation of what lies beyond, which does not function as the legitimizing principle of sovereignty in today’s world of mass consumption.
“Every book by Saitya Brata Das not only demands we think in new ways, but in his articulation of political theology as poetics, facilitates us to do so. Via his rare command of both deep thought and emancipatory language, in this latest offering we are confronted by what transformation can and does mean–if we are prepared to be accept it. This is a tremendous tour de force of thought and depth and insight.”
–Mike Grimshaw, associate professor of sociology, University of Canterbury


The Political Theology of Life. Saitya Brata Das. Pickwick Publications. February 2023. 200 pages (Hardcover)

Taking up the work of Meister Eckhart, F. W. J. von Schelling, and Soren Kierkegaard, Political Theology of Life formulates the task of an unconditional affirmation of life….

The work thereby argues that in today’s neoliberal-secular world of narcissistic mass-consumption in the age of extreme capitalism, such an affirmation of life–released from the grasp of sovereign power–is the highest ethico-religious task of our time. The work shows that each of these thinkers–Meister Eckhart at the epochal closure of the medieval world, and Schelling and Kierkegaard from the heart of the epochal condition of modernity–has exposed open a dimension of infinitude and manifestation that can be truly inspiring for us; that is to say, in the abandonment of all worldly attributes lies a receptivity to the highest gift of beatitude, an opening to the infinitude that sanctifies our worldly existence…


Dust on the Throne . The Search for Buddhism in Modern India. Douglas Ober. Navayana March 2023 392 pages

 Received wisdom has it that Buddhism disappeared from India, the land of its birth, between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, long forgotten until British colonial scholars re-discovered it in the early 1800s. Its full-fledged revival, so the story goes, only occurred in 1956, when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with half a million of his Dalit (formerly “untouchable”) followers. This, however, is only part of the story. Dust on the Throne reframes discussions about the place of Buddhism in the subcontinent from the early nineteenth century onwards, uncovering the integral, yet unacknowledged, role that Indians played in the making of modern global Buddhism in the century prior to Ambedkar’s conversion, and the numerous ways that Buddhism gave powerful shape to modern Indian history.

Through an extensive examination of disparate materials held at archives and temples across South Asia, Douglas Ober explores Buddhist religious dynamics in an age of expanding colonial empires, intra-Asian connectivity, and the histories of Buddhism produced by nineteenth and twentieth century Indian thinkers…


Sakina’s Kiss Vivek Shanbag. (Trans.) Srinath Perur. Vintage Books. October 2023 194 pages

Venkat answers urgent knocks on the door to his flat one evening to find two insolent young men claiming to have business with his daughter Rekha. He deals with them shortly, only to find his quiet, middle-class life upended by a bewildering set of events over the next few days.

Even as Venkat is hurled into a world of street gangs and murky journalism, we see a parallel narrative unfold of a betrayal and disappearance from long ago. Could there be a connection? Set over four mostly sleepless days, we see Venkat lose grasp of the narrative even as he loses grasp of his wife and daughter.

Exquisitely translated from the Kannada by Srinath Perur, Sakina’s Kiss is a delicate, precise meditation on the persistence of old biases―and a rattled masculinity―in India’s changing social and political landscape. Ingeniously crafted, Vivek Shanbhag interrogates the space between truth and perception in this unforgettable foray into the minefield of family life.

What a book! Quietly unsettling… [Vivek Shanbhag is] unique and subtle in his storytelling. — Geetanjali Shree, author of the International Booker Prize-winning ‘Tomb of Sand’


Fire on the Ganges : Life Among the Dead in Banaras. Radhika Iyengar Fourth Estate India. September 2023 352 pages

The Doms are a Dalit sub-caste in Banaras designated by tradition to perform the Hindu rite of cremation. They have ownership of the sacred fire without which, it is believed, the Hindu soul will not achieve liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Despite this, the community is condemned to the lowest order in caste hierarchy, and its members continue to be treated as ‘untouchables’.

Fire on the Ganges is the first attempt to chronicle the everyday realities of the Doms. It plunges into Banaras’s historical past, while narrowing its lens to a few spirited characters from the Dom community. Through their tales of struggle and survival, loss and ambition, betrayal and love, it tells the at-times-heartbreaking, at-times-exhilarating story of a community struggling to find a place beyond that accorded to it by ancient tradition.

—‘With admirable elegance and empathy, Radhika Iyengar tells stories of a community that has not been spared caste prejudice despite its traditional “prerogative” of cremating Hindus at the most auspicious ghats along the Ganga.’ MANOJ MITTA


Heavy Metal: How a Global Corporation Poisoned Kdaikanal. Ameer Shahul. Macmillan India. February 2023 416 pages

A terrifying investigative account of a global corporation’s role in perpetrating India’s greatest mercury poisoning catastrophe. In 2001, a Hindustan Unilever-owned thermometer factory in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, made national headlines when a massive dump of broken mercury thermometers was discovered at a local scrapyard. As the multinational corporation conducted one hasty internal assessment after another to save face, state authorities discovered that the company had violated all acceptable guidelines for toxic waste disposal measures, causing grievous harm to its workers’ health and the region’s fragile ecosystem. As evidence of mercury poisoning among workers mounted, the local community – aided by environmental watchdog Greenpeace and various public-interest organizations – launched a battle against the multibillion-dollar conglomerate that would last fifteen years, culminating in an undisclosed settlement paid to 600 of its ex-employees. And despite the factory’s closure, scientific reports would reveal mercury levels to be 1,000 times higher than the safe limit, raising serious concerns about HUL’s toxic legacy in the hill station. For years, Ameer Shahul, a former investigative reporter and Greenpeace campaigner, closely tracked the Kodaikanal mercury poisoning case. The result is Heavy Metal, a blistering account of a colossal industrial tragedy precipitated by corporate negligence and acts of omission and commission at the highest levels.


The End of August. Yu Miri. Translated from Japanese by Morgan Giles. Tilted Axis June 2023 710 pages

In 1930s Japanese-occupied Korea, Lee Woo-Cheol was a running prodigy and a contender for the upcoming Tokyo Olympics. But he would have had to run under the Japanese flag. Nearly a century later, his granddaughter is living in Japan and training to run a marathon herself. With the help of powerful Korean shamans, she summons the spirit of Lee Woo-Cheol only to be immersed in the memories of her grandfather, his brother, Lee Woo-Gun, and their neighbour, a young teen who was tricked into becoming a comfort woman for Japanese soldiers. A meditative dance of generations, The End of August is a semi-autobiographical investigation into nationhood and family – what you are born into and what is imposed.


Language Diversity and the Making of India Ganesh Devy


 

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